NF A91-408-1985 铝和阳极化的铝合金.密封质量的评定.SANODAL“G”兰滴定试验
时间:2024-05-19 10:44:00 来源: 标准资料网 作者：标准资料网 阅读：8668
【英文标准名称】:Anodizedaluminiumandaluminiumalloys.Assessmentofsealingquality.Sanodal"G"bluedroptest.
【原文标准名称】:铝和阳极化的铝合金.密封质量的评定.SANODAL“G”兰滴定试验
【标准号】:NFA91-408-1985
【标准状态】:作废
【国别】:法国
【发布日期】:1985-07-01
【实施或试行日期】:1985-07-05
【发布单位】:法国标准化协会(FR-AFNOR)
【起草单位】:
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:表面处理;铝;检验;封闭(阳极氧化层);阳极氧化;吸收系数;金属表面精整;吸收率(波);铝合金;阳极镀层;金属;密封;试验
【英文主题词】:
【摘要】:
【中国标准分类号】:A29
【国际标准分类号】:25_220_20
【页数】:2P.;A4
【正文语种】:其他
【英文标准名称】:Jewelsforfinemechanics;capjewelsforinstruments,flat
【原文标准名称】:精密机构的轴承宝石.扁平式仪器用覆盖宝石
【标准号】:DIN8263-1969
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:德国
【发布日期】:1969-10
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:德国标准化学会(DIN)
【起草单位】:
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:仪器;面积;材料;尺寸;钟表宝石;石;高度;珠宝;精密机械;形状;定义
【英文主题词】:area;instruments;shape;materials;jewels;finemechanics;definitions;stone;dimensions;height;horologicaljewels
【摘要】:Jewelsforfinemechanics;capjewelsforinstruments,flatPierrespourlapetitemécanique;pierrescontre-pivotpourinstruments
【中国标准分类号】:D58
【国际标准分类号】:6880
【页数】:1P;A4
【正文语种】:德语
【英文标准名称】:StandardPerformanceSpecificationforCerebralStereotacticInstruments
【原文标准名称】:脑部立体手术器械的标准性能规范
【标准号】:ASTMF1266-1989(2008)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:1989
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:F04.31
【标准类型】:(Specification)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:Anesthesiaequipment--specifications;Application;Cerebralstereotacticinstruments;Mechanicalperformanceconsiderations;Neurosurgicalmedicaldevices/applications--specifications;Performance--surgicalmaterials/applications(specifications);Probe;
【摘要】:Thepurposeofastereotacticapparatusistoguidetheadvanceofanelectrodeorotherprobeaccuratelyandinacontrolledfashiontoagivenpointinspace,relativetotheapparatus,tothestereotactictarget.Thus,whentheapparatusisattachedtotheskull,theelectrodeorprobecanbeadvancedtoagivengeographicalpointwithinthecranialcavity,nearthebaseoftheskullorinthespinalcanal.Asgenerallyemployed,theventriclesorcavitieswithinthebrainorotherneurosurgicallandmarksareidentifiedroentgenographicallybyothermeansand,byconsultinganatlasorothertable,themeandistanceanddirectionbetweenthevisualizedlandmarkandagivenanatomicaltargetaremeasured.Theelectrodeorprobeistheninsertedtothestereotactictarget,thatis,thepointinspacewhichiscalculatedfromthedistanceanddirectionbetweenthevisualizedlandmarkandthedesiredtargetinrelationtothecoordinatesystemofthestereotacticapparatus.Itisrecognizedthatthereisconsiderableanatomicalvariabilityinthesizeandshapeofthecentralnervoussystemsothatthetargetpointthatisidentifiedfromtheatlasortableisonlyapproximate.Usually,wherepossible,physiologicalverificationmayalsobeobtained.Onemustdistinguishbetweentheanatomicalaccuracy,whichisinexactbecauseofthevariabilityofbrains,andthemechanicalaccuracy,whichisafunctionoftheprecisionofthestereotacticinstrument.Therequirementssetforthhereinareconcernedonlywiththemechanicalaccuracyofstereotacticinstruments.Itisalsorecognizedthatonceminimumstandardsformechanicalaccuracyhavebeenobtained,increasedmechanicalprecisionwillnotnecessarilyleadtoincreasedanatomicalprecision.1.1Thisspecificationcoversstereotacticinstrumentsusedbyneurosurgeonstoassistintheplacementofprobes,suchascannulae,needles,forceps,orelectrodesortodirectradiationintobrainregionsoranatomicaltargetsthatarenotvisibleonthesurface.ThegenerallocationoftheseregionsisdeterminedbymeasurementsfromlandmarksvisualizedbyXrayorothermeans,suchmeasurementsbeingbasedonatlasesderivedfromanatomicalstudiesandautopsy.Becauseoftheanatomicalvariability,morepreciselocationinanysinglepatientmaybedeterminedbyphysiologicalresponsesinthatpatient.Thedegreeofsuccessinstereotacticsurgerydependsupontheexperienceofthesurgeonaswellastheprecisionofthestereotacticinstrument.Nevertheless,minimumstandardsofaccuracyforstereotacticinstrumentsthatarewithintherangeofvariabilityofhumananatomymustbemaintained.1.2Forthepurposeofthisspecification,astereotacticinstrumentisaguidingdeviceusedinhumanneurosurgeryforthepurposeofdirectinganinstrumentortreatingmodalitytoaspecificpointwithinthebrainbyradiographicorothervisualizationoflandmarks.1.3Stereotacticinstrumentsmustbeconstructedtoaffordthesurgeonreliablyreproducibleaccuracyinplacinginstrumentsintotargetareas.ProperpositioningoftheprobeisoftenverifiedbyXraystocontrolerrorsincalculationandtocorrectdeflectionoftheprobeduringinsertion.Physiologicalparametersmaybeusedtofurtherdefinetheoptimaltarget.1.4Atthepresenttime,stereotacticinstrumentsareusedmostfrequently,butnotexclusivelyinthefollowingoperations.Thelistispresentedonlytopresentexamplesandshouldnotbeconstruedtorestrictadvancesordevelopmentsofnewprocedures.Forsomeapplicationsitisnotrequiredtohitapointinspace,buttohitavolumeormakealesionwithinamass.Forthatpurpose,devicesotherthanthosecoveredbythisspecificationmaybeemployed,butshouldberestrictedtosuchuses:1.4.1Thalam......
【中国标准分类号】:C36
【国际标准分类号】:11_040_30
【页数】:6P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语